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* Pro-government demonstrators * Bolivarian Circles * Military loyalists Support: 〔〔〔 | combatant2 = * Anti-government demonstrators * Military rebels ''Alleged support:'' | commander1 = Hugo Chávez | commander2 = Pedro Carmona | casualties3 = 19 dead and 60 - 150+ injured. }} The Venezuelan coup d'état attempt of 2002 was a failed coup d'état on 11 April 2002, that saw President Hugo Chávez, who had been elected in 2000, ousted from office for 47 hours, before being restored by a combination of military loyalists and support from some of Venezuela's poor.〔 On April 9, a general strike was called for by the national federation of trade unions, Confederación de Trabajadores de Venezuela (CTV), in response to Chavez's appointments of political allies to prominent posts in Venezuela's national oil company PDVSA. Two days later, up to one million Venezuelans marched in opposition to Chavez in Caracas.〔 When opposition leaders redirected the protestors to the presidential palace, Miraflores, where government supporters were holding their own rally, the two sides confronted each other. Gunshots rang out, and by that evening 19 people were dead, both opponents and supporters of the government.〔 Military high command then convened at Miraflores and demanded Chavez to resign. He refused, was arrested by the military,〔Rey, J. C. (2002), ("Consideraciones políticas sobre un insólito golpe de Estado" ), pp. 1–16; cited in Cannon (2004:296); "In 2002, Venezuela's military and some of its business leaders ousted President Chavez from power and held him hostage." (N. Scott Cole (2007), "Hugo Chavez and President Bush's credibility gap: The struggle against US democracy promotion", ''International Political Science Review'', 28(4), p498)〕 and denied asylum in Cuba in order to be tried in court.〔 Venezuelan Federation of Chambers of Commerce (''Fedecámaras'') president Pedro Carmona was declared interim president. During his brief rule, the Venezuelan National Assembly and the Supreme Court were both dissolved and the country's 1999 Constitution was declared void.〔(Interim Venezuelan president sworn in. ) BBC News. (13 April 2002). URL. Retrieved 30 May 2007〕 By the 13th, the coup was on the verge of collapse, as Carmona's attempts to entirely undo Chavez's reforms angered much of the public and key sectors of the military, while parts of the anti-Chávez movement also refused to back Carmona. When word began to spread that Chavez had not resigned, as was publicly claimed, an uprising of "the poor from the peripheral barrios"〔Cannon (2004:295)〕 surrounded the presidential palace.〔Kozloff (2007:30)〕 In Caracas, Chavez supporters seized television stations and demanded Chavez's return.〔 That night, Carmona resigned and went into exile. The pro-Chávez Presidential Guard retook Miraflores without firing a shot, leading to the removal of the Carmona government and the re-installation of Chávez as president. The coup was allegedly planned for some time,〔〔 as those who opposed Chávez felt that his government was becoming undemocratic and favored a portion of the population, with members of certain social groups beginning to feel "alienated" by Chavez.〔〔〔 At the time, Chávez saw his approval rating of 80% drop to about 30%.〔 The growing dissatisfaction of Chávez among those in the military due to his aggressive manner and his problematic alliances with Cuba and paramilitaries also led to multiple officers of branches to call on Chavez to resign.〔〔 Although Chávez initially denied intentions that the United States government sought to overthrow his government, he and his supporters later accused the United States of involvement in the coup.〔 The private media was accused of biased reporting in support of the anti-Chávez protests and coup, with coverage being described as "lopsided," as well as "suppress() and manipulate()."〔〔Maurice Lemoine, ''Le Monde Diplomatique'', 10 August 2002, ("Venezuela’s press power" ). (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/5n7VaWIad)〕 Allegations that owners of media organizations actively participated in the coup were never proven.〔 The issue of responsibility for the protestor deaths remains controversial as well. ==Background== Chávez was first elected president in 1998. One of his campaign promises was to convene a new constitutional convention, and on 15 December 1999 he put the new Constitution of Venezuela to the voters in a referendum, which passed with 71.78% of the popular vote. Following the 1999 constitutional referendum, Chávez was reelected in 2000 under the terms of the new constitution. Following these elections, Chávez had gained control of all formerly independent institutions of the Venezuelan government. The popularity of Chávez then dropped due to his clashes with multiple social groups he had alienated and his close ties with controversial world leaders such as Mohammad Khatami, Sadaam Hussein, Muammar Gaddafi and especially Fidel Castro.〔 Chávez used a strategy of polarization in Venezuela, a them against us situation, in order to single out those who stood in the way of his progress.〔 He would insult and use name calling against original supporters that would question him; the media, business leaders, the Catholic Church and the middle class.〔 Such "words spawned hatred and polarization" with Chávez, "a master of language and communication", creating his own reality among Venezuelans.〔 Nelson says that what hurt Chávez's popularity the most was his relationship with Fidel Castro and Cuba, with Chávez attempting to make Venezuela in Cuba's image.〔 Venezuela became Cuba's largest trade partner while Chávez, following Castro's example, consolidated the country's bicameral legislature into a single National Assembly that gave him more power and created community groups of loyal supporters allegedly trained as paramilitaries.〔 Such actions created great fear among Venezuelans who felt like they were tricked and that Chávez had dictatorial goals.〔 This feeling of being tricked especially affected the media since they originally supported Chávez and his promises.〔 Opposition to the Chávez government was then particularly strong, with some of those who were previously in the government before the election of Chávez. The independent media became the primary check on Chávez after he had taken control of most of the Venezuelan government, with the Venezuelan media acting like other forms of media in Latin America at the time that demanded accountability for governmental abuses and exposing corruption.〔 The opposition was worried with Chávez because they believed his rewriting Venezuela's constitution were signs that Chávez was trying to maintain power through authoritarianism.〔 In early 2002, there were also increasing signs of discontent in the military; in February four military officials, including a general and a rear admiral, publicly called on Chávez to resign. On 7 February 2002 Venezuela Air Force Colonel Pedro Vicente Soto and National Reserve Captain Pedro Flores Rivero led a rally protesting the Chávez government's allegedly undemocratic and authoritarian practices. Rear Admiral Carlos Molina Tamayo said on television that if Chávez did not resign, he should be impeached. Besides the opposition accusations that Chávez was undermining democracy and free speech, the military's complaints included Plan Bolívar 2000's use of the armed forces for poverty reduction activities instead of national defense. They also said Chávez was alienating the United States through a foreign policy involving negotiations with Colombian rebels and strengthening links with OPEC countries considered enemies of the United States, including Saddam Hussein's Iraq.〔Jones (2008:311)〕 Chávez and his allies suggested other motives, including Soto's being passed over for promotion, and pointed to a report in ''The Washington Post'' alleging that Soto and Tamayo had received $100,000 each from Miami bank accounts in return for denouncing Chávez.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「* Pro-government demonstrators* Bolivarian Circles* Military loyalistsSupport:| combatant2 = * Anti-government demonstrators* Military rebels''Alleged support:''| commander1 = Hugo Chávez| commander2 = Pedro Carmona| casualties3 = 19 dead and 60 - 150+ injured.}}The Venezuelan coup d'état attempt of 2002 was a failed coup d'état on 11 April 2002, that saw President Hugo Chávez, who had been elected in 2000, ousted from office for 47 hours, before being restored by a combination of military loyalists and support from some of Venezuela's poor.On April 9, a general strike was called for by the national federation of trade unions, Confederación de Trabajadores de Venezuela (CTV), in response to Chavez's appointments of political allies to prominent posts in Venezuela's national oil company PDVSA. Two days later, up to one million Venezuelans marched in opposition to Chavez in Caracas. When opposition leaders redirected the protestors to the presidential palace, Miraflores, where government supporters were holding their own rally, the two sides confronted each other. Gunshots rang out, and by that evening 19 people were dead, both opponents and supporters of the government. Military high command then convened at Miraflores and demanded Chavez to resign. He refused, was arrested by the military,Rey, J. C. (2002), ("Consideraciones políticas sobre un insólito golpe de Estado" ), pp. 1–16; cited in Cannon (2004:296); "In 2002, Venezuela's military and some of its business leaders ousted President Chavez from power and held him hostage." (N. Scott Cole (2007), "Hugo Chavez and President Bush's credibility gap: The struggle against US democracy promotion", ''International Political Science Review'', 28(4), p498) and denied asylum in Cuba in order to be tried in court.Venezuelan Federation of Chambers of Commerce (''Fedecámaras'') president Pedro Carmona was declared interim president. During his brief rule, the Venezuelan National Assembly and the Supreme Court were both dissolved and the country's 1999 Constitution was declared void.(Interim Venezuelan president sworn in. ) BBC News. (13 April 2002). URL. Retrieved 30 May 2007 By the 13th, the coup was on the verge of collapse, as Carmona's attempts to entirely undo Chavez's reforms angered much of the public and key sectors of the military, while parts of the anti-Chávez movement also refused to back Carmona. When word began to spread that Chavez had not resigned, as was publicly claimed, an uprising of "the poor from the peripheral barrios"Cannon (2004:295) surrounded the presidential palace.Kozloff (2007:30) In Caracas, Chavez supporters seized television stations and demanded Chavez's return. That night, Carmona resigned and went into exile. The pro-Chávez Presidential Guard retook Miraflores without firing a shot, leading to the removal of the Carmona government and the re-installation of Chávez as president.The coup was allegedly planned for some time, as those who opposed Chávez felt that his government was becoming undemocratic and favored a portion of the population, with members of certain social groups beginning to feel "alienated" by Chavez. At the time, Chávez saw his approval rating of 80% drop to about 30%. The growing dissatisfaction of Chávez among those in the military due to his aggressive manner and his problematic alliances with Cuba and paramilitaries also led to multiple officers of branches to call on Chavez to resign. Although Chávez initially denied intentions that the United States government sought to overthrow his government, he and his supporters later accused the United States of involvement in the coup. The private media was accused of biased reporting in support of the anti-Chávez protests and coup, with coverage being described as "lopsided," as well as "suppress() and manipulate()."Maurice Lemoine, ''Le Monde Diplomatique'', 10 August 2002, ("Venezuela’s press power" ). (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/5n7VaWIad) Allegations that owners of media organizations actively participated in the coup were never proven. The issue of responsibility for the protestor deaths remains controversial as well.==Background==Chávez was first elected president in 1998. One of his campaign promises was to convene a new constitutional convention, and on 15 December 1999 he put the new Constitution of Venezuela to the voters in a referendum, which passed with 71.78% of the popular vote. Following the 1999 constitutional referendum, Chávez was reelected in 2000 under the terms of the new constitution. Following these elections, Chávez had gained control of all formerly independent institutions of the Venezuelan government. The popularity of Chávez then dropped due to his clashes with multiple social groups he had alienated and his close ties with controversial world leaders such as Mohammad Khatami, Sadaam Hussein, Muammar Gaddafi and especially Fidel Castro. Chávez used a strategy of polarization in Venezuela, a them against us situation, in order to single out those who stood in the way of his progress. He would insult and use name calling against original supporters that would question him; the media, business leaders, the Catholic Church and the middle class. Such "words spawned hatred and polarization" with Chávez, "a master of language and communication", creating his own reality among Venezuelans. Nelson says that what hurt Chávez's popularity the most was his relationship with Fidel Castro and Cuba, with Chávez attempting to make Venezuela in Cuba's image. Venezuela became Cuba's largest trade partner while Chávez, following Castro's example, consolidated the country's bicameral legislature into a single National Assembly that gave him more power and created community groups of loyal supporters allegedly trained as paramilitaries. Such actions created great fear among Venezuelans who felt like they were tricked and that Chávez had dictatorial goals. This feeling of being tricked especially affected the media since they originally supported Chávez and his promises.Opposition to the Chávez government was then particularly strong, with some of those who were previously in the government before the election of Chávez. The independent media became the primary check on Chávez after he had taken control of most of the Venezuelan government, with the Venezuelan media acting like other forms of media in Latin America at the time that demanded accountability for governmental abuses and exposing corruption. The opposition was worried with Chávez because they believed his rewriting Venezuela's constitution were signs that Chávez was trying to maintain power through authoritarianism. In early 2002, there were also increasing signs of discontent in the military; in February four military officials, including a general and a rear admiral, publicly called on Chávez to resign. On 7 February 2002 Venezuela Air Force Colonel Pedro Vicente Soto and National Reserve Captain Pedro Flores Rivero led a rally protesting the Chávez government's allegedly undemocratic and authoritarian practices. Rear Admiral Carlos Molina Tamayo said on television that if Chávez did not resign, he should be impeached. Besides the opposition accusations that Chávez was undermining democracy and free speech, the military's complaints included Plan Bolívar 2000's use of the armed forces for poverty reduction activities instead of national defense. They also said Chávez was alienating the United States through a foreign policy involving negotiations with Colombian rebels and strengthening links with OPEC countries considered enemies of the United States, including Saddam Hussein's Iraq.Jones (2008:311) Chávez and his allies suggested other motives, including Soto's being passed over for promotion, and pointed to a report in ''The Washington Post'' alleging that Soto and Tamayo had received $100,000 each from Miami bank accounts in return for denouncing Chávez.」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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